Fars province

Coordinates: 29°25′N 53°14′E / 29.417°N 53.233°E / 29.417; 53.233
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For other uses of a similar name, see Fars.

Fars Province
Persian: استان فارس
Province
Persepolis
Naqsh-e Rostam
Clockwise from top right: the Tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae; Arg of Karim Khan in Shiraz; a canola field in Alamarvdasht; Bishapur valley; Naqsh-e Rostam; and Persepolis
Location of Fars province within Iran
Location of Fars province within Iran
Coordinates: 29°25′N 53°14′E / 29.417°N 53.233°E / 29.417; 53.233[1]
Country Iran
RegionRegion 2
CapitalShiraz
Counties37
Government
 • Governor-generalMohammad-Hadi Imanieh
 • MPs of Assembly of Experts1 Ahmad Beheshti
2 Ali Akbar Kalantari
3 Assad-Allah Imani
4 Lotfollah Dezhkam
5 Seyed Ali Asghar Dastgheib
6 Mohammad Faghie
 • Representative of the Supreme LeaderLotfollah Dezhkam
Area
 • Total122,608 km2 (47,339 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Total4,851,274
 • Estimate 
(2020)
5,051,000[2]
 • Density40/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
Area code071
ISO 3166 codeIR-07
Main language(s)
Fars Province Historical Population
YearPop.±%
20064,220,721—    
20114,596,658+8.9%
20164,851,274+5.5%

Fars province (Persian: استان فارس; /fɑːrs/)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Shiraz.[11] The province has an area of 122,400 km2 and is located in Iran's southwest, in Region 2. [12] Fars neighbours the provinces of Bushehr to the west; Hormozgan to the south; Kerman and Yazd to the east; Isfahan to the north; and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to the northwest.

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province numbered 4,220,721 people in 1,014,690 households.[13] As of the following census in 2011, Fars had a population of 4,596,658 people in 1,250,135 households, of whom 67.6% were registered as urban dwellers (urban/suburbs), 32.1% villagers (small town/rural), and 0.3% nomad tribes.[14] The most recent census in 2016 counted 4,851,274 people in 1,443,027 households.[3]

Fars is the historical homeland of the Persian people.[15][16] It was the homeland of the Achaemenid and Sasanian Persian dynasties of Iran, who reigned on the throne by the time of the ancient Persian Empires. The ruins of the Achaemenid capitals Pasargadae and Persepolis, among others, demonstrate the ancient history of the region. Due to the historical importance of this region, the entire country has historically been also referred to as Persia in the West.[16][17] Prior to caliphate rule, this region was known as Pars.[18]

Etymology[edit]

The Persian word Fârs (فارس), derived from the earlier form Pârs (پارس), which is in turn derived from Pârsâ (𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿), the Old Persian name for the Persis region. The names Parsa and Persia originate from this region.[19]

Administrative divisions[edit]

The population history and structural changes of Fars province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Fars Province
Counties 2006[13] 2011[14] 2016[3]
Abadeh 87,203 98,188 100,831
Arsanjan 40,916 41,476 42,725
Bakhtegan[b] — — —
Bavanat 44,069 48,416 50,418
Beyza[c] — — —
Darab 172,938 189,345 201,489
Eqlid 99,003 93,975 93,763
Estahban 66,391 66,172 68,850
Evaz[d] — — —
Farashband 38,679 42,760 45,459
Fasa 188,189 203,129 205,187
Firuzabad 111,973 119,721 121,417
Gerash[e] — 47,055 53,907
Jahrom 197,331 209,312 228,532
Juyom[f] — — —
Kavar[g] — 77,836 83,883
Kazerun 258,097 254,704 266,217
Khafr[h] — — —
Kharameh[i] — 61,580 54,864
Khonj 37,978 41,133 41,359
Khorrambid 44,669 50,252 50,522
Kuhchenar[j] — — —
Lamerd 76,971 83,916 91,782
Larestan 223,235 226,879 213,920
Mamasani 162,694 116,386 117,527
Marvdasht 294,621 307,492 323,434
Mohr 54,094 59,727 64,827
Neyriz 105,241 113,750 113,291
Pasargad 29,825 31,504 30,118
Qir and Karzin 61,432 65,045 71,203
Rostam[k] — 46,851 44,386
Sarchehan[l] — — —
Sarvestan[m] — 40,531 38,114
Sepidan 87,801 89,398 91,049
Shiraz 1,676,927 1,700,687 1,869,001
Zarqan[n] — — —
Zarrin Dasht 60,444 69,438 73,199
Total 4,220,721 4,596,658 4,851,274

Cities[edit]

According to the 2016 census, 3,401,675 people (over 70% of the population of Fars province) live in the following cities:[3]

City Population
Abadeh 59,116
Abadeh Tashk 7,379
Ahel 3,179
Alamarvdasht 4,068
Ardakan 14,633
Arsanjan 17,706
Asir 3,042
Bab Anar 7,061
Baba Monir 1,379
Bahman 7,568
Baladeh 5,972
Banaruiyeh 9,077
Beyram 7,300
Beyza 7,252
Darab 70,232
Darian 10,037
Dehram 3,468
Dezhkord 3,924
Do Borji 2,907
Dobiran 13,809
Duzeh 1,348
Efzar 2,657
Emad Deh 4,235
Emam Shahr 5,803
Eqlid 44,341
Eshkanan 9,115
Estahban 36,410
Evaz 19,987
Fadami 4,097
Farashband 20,320
Fasa 110,825
Firuzabad 65,417
Galleh Dar 13,448
Gerash 34,469
Hajjiabad 21,675
Hamashahr 3,852
Hasanabad 2,045
Hesami 3,131
Ij 6,246
Izadkhast 5,910
Jahrom 141,634
Jannat Shahr 13,598
Juyom 8,010
Kamfiruz 3,713
Karzin 8,841
Kavar 31,711
Kazerun 96,683
Khaneh Zenyan 4,027
Khaniman 3,020
Khavaran 4,332
Kherameh 18,477
Khesht 9,599
Khonj 19,217
Khumeh Zar 6,220
Khur 7,338
Khuzi 3,245
Konartakhteh 6,081
Korehi 3,954
Kuhenjan 3,281
Kupon 3,237
Lamerd 29,380
Lapui 8,985
Lar 62,045
Latifi 7,300
Madar-e Soleyman 1,546
Marvdasht 148,858
Masiri 9,031
Mazayjan 3,567
Meshkan 4,617
Meymand 10,120
Miyan Deh 5,912
Mobarakabad 4,707
Mohr 7,784
Neyriz 49,850
Now Bandegan 2,410
Nowdan 2,892
Nujin 3,769
Nurabad 57,058
Qaderabad 14,973
Qaemiyeh 26,918
Qarah Bolagh 6,772
Qatruyeh 2,895
Qir 20,010
Qotbabad 7,476
Ramjerd 2,550
Runiz 5,760
Saadat Shahr 17,131
Safashahr 26,933
Sarvestan 18,187
Sedeh 6,747
Seyyedan 8,574
Shahr-e Pir 8,927
Shahr-e Sadra 91,863
Sheshdeh 5,960
Shiraz 1,565,572
Soghad 12,582
Soltanabad 1,928
Surian 9,776
Surmaq 3,050
Varavi 4,622
Zahedshahr 9,719
Zarqan 32,261

Most populous cities[edit]

See also: List of cities in Fars Province by population

The following sorted table lists the most populous cities in Fars according to the 2016 census results announced by the Statistical Center of Iran.[3]

Most populous urban areas in Fars Province

Shiraz
Shiraz
Marvdasht
Marvdasht

 Rank City County Population

Jahrom
Jahrom
Fasa
Fasa

1 Shiraz Shiraz 1,565,572
2 Marvdasht Marvdasht 148,858
3 Jahrom Jahrom 141,634
4 Fasa Fasa 110,825
5 Kazerun Kazerun 96,683
6 Sadra Shiraz 91,863
7 Darab Darab 70,232
8 Firuzabad Firuzabad 65,417
9 Lar Larestan 62,045
10 Abadeh Abadeh 59,116

Demographics[edit]

The main ethnic group in the province consists of Persians (including Larestani people and the Basseri), while Qashqai, Lurs, Arabs, Kurds, Georgians, and Circassians constitute minorities.

Due to the geographical characteristics of Fars and its proximity to the Persian Gulf, Fars has long been a residing area for various peoples and rulers of Iran. However, the tribes of Fars including, Mamasani Lurs, Khamseh and Kohkiluyeh have kept their native and unique cultures and lifestyles which constitute part of the cultural heritage of Iran attracting many tourists. Kurdish tribes include Uriad, Zangana, Chegini, Kordshuli and Kuruni.[33]

Among the hundreds of thousands of Georgians and Circassians that were transplanted to Persia under Shah Abbas I, his predecessors, and successors, a certain amount of them were to guard the main caravan routes; many were settled around Āspās and other villages along the old Isfahan-Shiraz road. By now the vast majority Caucasians that were settled in Fars have lost their cultural, linguistic, and religious identity, having mostly being assimilated into the population.[33]

History[edit]

Persis[edit]

Main articles: Persis and Pars (Sasanian province)
The ruins of Persepolis
A Sassanid relief showing the investiture of Ardashir I
Sarvestan Palace in Sarvestan

The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 10th century BC, and became the rulers of the largest empire the world had yet seen under the Achaemenid dynasty which was established in the mid 6th century BC, at its peak stretching from Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in its far east.[34] The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located in Fars.

The Achaemenid Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, incorporating most of their vast empire. Shortly after this the Seleucid Empire was established. However, it never extended its power in Fars beyond the main trade routes, and by the reign of Antiochus I or possibly later Persis emerged as an independent state that minted its own coins.[35]

The Seleucid Empire was subsequently defeated by the Parthians in 238 BC, but by 205 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III had extended his authority into Persis and it ceased to be an independent state.[36]

Babak was the ruler of a small town called Kheir. Babak's efforts in gaining local power at the time escaped the attention of Artabanus IV, the Parthian Arsacid Emperor of the time. Babak and his eldest son Shapur I managed to expand their power over all of Persis.

The subsequent events are unclear. Following the death of Babak around 220, Ardashir who at the time was the governor of Darabgird, got involved in a power struggle of his own with his elder brother Shapur. The sources tell us that in 222, Shapur was killed when the roof of a building collapsed on him.[citation needed]

At this point, Ardashir moved his capital further to the south of Persis and founded a capital at Ardashir-Khwarrah (formerly Gur, modern day Firouzabad).[37] After establishing his rule over Persis, Ardashir I rapidly extended the territory of his Sassanid Persian Empire, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars, and gaining control over the neighboring provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Susiana, and Mesene.

Artabanus marched a second time against Ardashir I in 224. Their armies clashed at Hormizdegan, where Artabanus IV was killed. Ardashir was crowned in 226 at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia, bringing the 400-year-old Parthian Empire to an end, and starting the virtually equally long rule of the Sassanian Empire, over an even larger territory, once again making Persia a leading power in the known world, only this time along with its arch-rival and successor to Persia's earlier opponents (the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire); the Byzantine Empire.

The Sassanids ruled for 425 years, until the Muslim armies conquered the empire. Afterwards, the Persians started to convert to Islam, this making it much easier for the new Muslim empire to continue the expansion of Islam.

Persis then passed hand to hand through numerous dynasties, leaving behind numerous historical and ancient monuments; each of which has its own values as a world heritage, reflecting the history of the province, Iran, and West Asia. The ruins of Bishapur, Persepolis, and Firouzabad are all reminders of this. The Arab invaders brought about an end to centuries Zoroastrian political and cultural dominance over the region; supplanted as the faith of the ruling class in the 7th century by Islam, which and over the next 200 years gradually expanded to include a majority of the population.

Climate and wildlife[edit]

There are three distinct climatic regions in the Fars Province. First, the mountainous area of the north and northwest with moderate cold winters and mild summers. Secondly, the central regions, with relatively rainy mild winters, and hot dry summers. The third region located in the south and southeast has cold winters with hot summers. The average temperature of Shiraz is 16.8 °C, ranging between 4.7 °C and 29.2 °C.[38]

The geographical and climatic variation of the province causes varieties of plants; consequently, variation of wildlife has been formed in the province. Additional to the native animals of the province, many kinds of birds migrate to the province every year.[39] Many kinds of ducks, storks and swallows migrate to this province in an annual parade. The main native animals of the province are gazelle, deer, mountain wild goat, ram, ewe and many kinds of birds. In the past, like in Khuzestan Plain, the Persian lion had occurred here.[40][41]

The province of Fars includes many protected wildlife zones. The most important protected zones are:

  • Toot Siah (Black Berry) Hunt Forbidden Zone, which is located at the end of Boanat region.
  • Basiran Hunt Forbidden Zone, which is located 4 kilometers south to Abadeh;
  • Bamu National Park, which is located north-east of Shiraz;
  • Estahban Forest Park (Parke Jangaly), which is located on the outskirts of Touraj mountain;
  • Hermoodlar Protected Zone, which is located east to Larestan.[39]
Crown imperial plain, Sepidan

Arjan Meadow 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi) and Lake Parishan 40 km2 (15 sq mi) are designated Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar convention.

Eram Garden

Economy[edit]

Agriculture is of great importance in Fars.[42] The major products include cereal (wheat and barley), citrus fruits, dates, sugar beets and cotton. Fars has major petrochemical facilities, along with an oil refinery, a factory for producing tires, a large electronics industry, and a sugar mill. Tourism is also a large industry in the province. UNESCO has designated an area in the province, called Arzhan (known as Dasht e Arjan) as a biosphere reserve. Shiraz, provincial capital of Fars, is the namesake of Shirazi wine. A large number of wine factories existed in the city.

Transportation[edit]

Shiraz Airport is the main international airport of the province and the second in the country. The cities of Jahrom, Lar and Lamerd also have airports linking them with Shiraz and Tehran and nearby Persian Gulf countries such as the UAE and Bahrain. Shiraz is along the main route from Tehran to southern Iran.[citation needed]

Higher education[edit]

The Fars Province is home to many higher education institutes and universities. The main universities of the province include Shiraz University, Shiraz University of Arts, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,[43] Shiraz University of Technology, Jahrom University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom.

Notable people[edit]

Tomb of Hafez
Tomb of Saadi

See also[edit]

Media related to Fars Province at Wikimedia Commons

Fars travel guide from Wikivoyage

flag Iran portal

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Also romanized as Ostân-e Fârs (pronounced [ˈfɒː(ɾ)s]), also known as Pars Province (استان پارس), also romanized as Ostân-e Pârs; also known as Persis (the origin of the name "Persia"), and Farsistan (فارسستان)[6][7][8][9][10]
  2. ^ Separated from Neyriz County after the 2016 census[20]
  3. ^ Separated from Sepidan County after the 2016 census[21]
  4. ^ Separated from Larestan County after the 2016 census[22]
  5. ^ Separated from Larestan County after the 2006 census[23]
  6. ^ Separated from Larestan County after the 2016 census[24]
  7. ^ Separated from Shiraz County after the 2006 census[25]
  8. ^ Separated from Jahrom County after the 2016 census[26]
  9. ^ Separated from Shiraz County after the 2011 census[27]
  10. ^ Separated from Kazerun County after the 2016 census[28]
  11. ^ Separated from Mamasani County after the 2006 census[29]
  12. ^ Separated from Bavanat County after the 2016 census[30]
  13. ^ Separated from Shiraz County after the 2006 census[31]
  14. ^ Separated from Shiraz County after the 2016 census[32]

References[edit]

  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (22 May 2024). "Fars Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  2. ^ Amar. "توجه: تفاوت در سرجمع به دليل گرد شدن ارقام به رقم هزار مي باشد. (in Persian)". Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ "پرتال سازمان ميراث فرهنگي، صنایع دستی و گردشگري > استانها > فارس > آداب و رسوم". 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  5. ^ "Luz | ISO 639-3".
  6. ^ https://www.britannica.com/place/Fars
  7. ^ https://www.google.no/books/edition/The_History_of_the_World_Comprising_a_Ge/ekoFAAAAYAAJ?hl=no&gbpv=1&dq=farsistan&pg=PA348&printsec=frontcover
  8. ^ https://www.google.no/books/edition/Lectures_on_ancient_history_from_the_ear/UmIBAAAAQAAJ?hl=no&gbpv=1&dq=farsistan&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover
  9. ^ https://www.google.no/books/edition/Universal_geography_or_A_description_of/z2QDAAAAQAAJ?hl=no&gbpv=1&dq=farsistan&pg=PA307&printsec=frontcover
  10. ^ Sykes, Percy (1921). A History of Persia. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 5.
  11. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  12. ^ "استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند" [The Provinces of the Country Were Divided Into 5 Regions]. Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  15. ^ Austin, Peter (1 January 2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520255609 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ a b Xavier de Planhol (24 January 2012). "FĀRS i. Geography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. ?–336. The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the "land of horses" of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181-82, 184-86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Parsua (Pārsa) are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B.C.E., during the reign of Salmanassar III, and then, after they migrated to the southeast (Boehmer, pp. 193-97), the name was transferred, between 690 and 640, to a region previously called Anšan (q.v.) in Elamite sources (Herzfeld, pp. 169-71, 178-79, 186). From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region, the land of the Persians, and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire. A never-ending confusion thus set in between a narrow, limited, geographical usage of the term—Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power—and a broader, more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids. The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous, fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire. It lasted through the centuries of Arab domination, as Fārs, the term used by Muslims, was merely the Arabicized version of the initial name.
  17. ^ M. A. Dandamaev (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL. pp. 4–6. ISBN 9004091726.
  18. ^ Zargaran, Arman. "The City of Shiraz and Fars Province, the root of medical sciences in the history." (2012): 103-104.
  19. ^ Zangiabadi, A., and M. Akbari. "Assessment and Analysis of Development Indicator in Township of Fars Province." (2011): 113-122.
  20. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (10 July 2018). "Letter of approval regarding the changes in the country divisions of Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  21. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (2 October 2019). "Letter of approval regarding country divisions of Sepidan County of Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  22. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (10 July 2018). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Larestan County, Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  23. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza. "The Council of Ministers approved the creation of Gerash County on 11 February 2008". Gerishna (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  24. ^ Mokhbar, Mohammad (25 December 1400). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Larestan County, Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  25. ^ Rahimi, Mohammadreza (22 November 2010). "Four changes in the map of country divisions: Kavar County is formed in Fars province". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  26. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq. "Letter of approval regarding country divisions of Jahrom County, Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  27. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (21 September 2013). "Letter of approval regarding country divisions in Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  28. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (10 July 2018). "Letter of approval regarding country divisions of Kazerun County of Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  29. ^ Davoudi, Parviz (7 January 1387). "Letter of approval regarding the reforms of country divisions in Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  30. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (10 July 2018). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Bavanat County, Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  31. ^ Davodi, Parviz (20 September 1385). "Reforms of country divisions in Fars province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers, Political-Defense Commission. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  32. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (10 July 2018). "Approval letter regarding country divisions of Zarqan District, Shiraz County, Fars province". Martyrdom of Imam Ali (AS) Research Center of the Islamic Council (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  33. ^ a b P. Oberling, "FĀRS vii. Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica>"FĀRS vii. Ethnography". 31 May 2014.
  34. ^ Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (at the right portion of the page). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1.
  35. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1), p. 299
  36. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1), p. 302
  37. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing. pp. 176–9. ISBN 9781846031083.
  38. ^ کشور, پورتال سازمان هواشناسی. "اقلیم استان فارس". www.irimo.ir. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
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  40. ^ Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999). Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. Images Publishing, Avon.
  41. ^ Firouz, E. (2005). The complete fauna of Iran. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67. ISBN 978-1-85043-946-2.
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  43. ^ Issues in Discovery, Experimental, and Laboratory Medicine: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. 2013. pp. 139–40. ISBN 9781490109169.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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